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Modern psychoanalysis is the term used by Hyman Spotnitz〔Spotnitz, H. (1969), Modern Psychoanalysis of the Schizophrenic Patient. New York: Grune and Stratton.〕 to describe the techniques he developed for the treatment of narcissistic disorders. ==Theory== Narcissism is understood (by Spotnitz) as a state in which unexpressed aggression and hostility are trapped within the psychic apparatus with corrosive effects on mind and body. The bottled up aggression is turned against the self by a weak and undeveloped ego that is not capable of handling the stress of hateful feelings. The techniques of modern psychoanalysis〔Spotnitz, H. (1981) Aggression in the therapy of schizophrenia. Modern Psychoanalysis, 6: 131-140.〕 are aimed at allowing the ego to direct aggression outward in productive ways and at protecting a fragile ego against the self-attack seen in cases ranging from schizophrenia, depression, and somatization to neurotic forms of self-sabotage.〔Spotnitz, H. (1962), the need for insulation in the schizophrenic personality. Psychoanalysis & Psychoanalytic Review, 49(3): 3-25.〕 This is accomplished by helping the patient to "say everything." The ego is protected by what is called "object oriented questions." These are questions directed toward the motives of other people rather than the patient, i.e., "What makes her do that?" or, "Why did I do that?” To guide the quality and number of such interventions modern analysts follow the "contact function,"〔Spotnitz, H. (1969), Modern Psychoanalysis of the Schizophrenic Patient. New York: Grune and Stratton.〕〔Meadow, P. (1974), Research method for investigating the effectiveness of psychoanalytic technique. Psychoanalytic Review, 61(1): 79-94.〕〔Margolis, B. (1983), The object oriented question: A contribution to treatment technique. Modern Psychoanalysis, 8: 35-46.〕〔Margolis, B. (1986), Joining, mirroring, psychological reflection: Terminology, definitions theoretical considerations. Modern Psychoanalysis, 11: 19-38.〕 the efforts made by the patient to establish some discourse with the analyst. Questions asked by the patient indicate what the patient is ready to talk about and are explored to help the patient say more. Meadow describes the contact function as responding, "’in kind,’ thus replacing subjectively determined timing as used in traditional insight-oriented interpretation with what might be called ‘demand feeding’.〔Meadow, P. (2006), Modern psychoanalysis. The Edinburgh International Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 311〕 In the interest of helping patients to say everything while functioning at an optimum level, the analyst refrains from interpreting defenses and instead "joins the resistance.” In joining, the analyst conveys acceptance of the patient's thoughts and feelings, stated or unstated, conscious or unconscious. Joining reduces the need for a particular defense by making the patient less defensive.〔〔Spotnitz, H. (1985), Large group analysis: Regression, progression, creativity. Modern Psychoanalysis, 10: 119-136.〕 Although modern analysis forgoes interpretation as the main form of intervention, it retains the classical psychoanalytic focus on transference, countertransference, and resistance.〔 The transference is usually a narcissistic one in which feelings and patterns of defense from the first years of life are revived. The "narcissistic transference" is not so much a projection of figures from the past onto the analyst, as an externalization of parts of the patient's self. Often a benign feeling of oneness with the analyst prevails at the beginning of treatment.〔Spotnitz, H. and Meadow, P. (1976), Treatment of the Narcissistic Neuroses. New York: Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies.〕〔Margolis, B. (1979), Narcissistic transference: The product of overlapping self and object fields. Modern Psychoanalysis, 4: 131-140.〕 Such patients may make little or no contact with the analyst. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Modern psychoanalysis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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